Managerial Stakeholder Theory Free Essays

Administrative Stakeholder Theory To anticipate genuine wonders we need speculations. So also, partner hypothesis is a hypothesis which is utilized to clarify the marvels of inspiration for corporate social divulgences. This exploration work depends on the idea of partner hypothesis and its viable applications in anticipating the marvels of corporate social divulgences (van der Laan 2009). We will compose a custom paper test on Administrative Stakeholder Theory or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Further there will be clarification of Managerial partner hypothesis. The idea of partner hypothesis has got prevalence among corporate world, chiefs, media and scholastics. Idea of Stakeholder the executives hypothesis is a lot of identified with business morals and it has overwhelmed the writing of business morals. In working together qualities become a fundamental piece of the association and partner hypothesis begins from this supposition. Partner hypothesis clarifies the conduct of supervisors towards their partners and furthermore reveals to us how the directors need to do the business. The hypothesis likewise frees that what kind from relationship supervisors need with their partners and what sort of relationship they ought to have (Aarhus School of Business 2004). There will likewise be a short history of partner hypothesis and its job in clarifying the inspiration for corporate social exposures. There are two speculations which are offered to portray the wonders of inspiration for the corporate social divulgences. Initial one is administrative partner hypothesis and another is authenticity hypothesis. Authenticity hypothesis isn't our anxiety here as it says that corporate social exposures are willful in nature and are a piece of procedure of legitimating (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). An article â€Å"The job of hypothesis in clarifying inspiration for corporate social divulgences: deliberate exposures v/s requested disclosure† from the diary â€Å"Australasian bookkeeping business and account journal† is considered to finish the appraisal. The article is a decent wellspring of data for the point partner hypothesis as it is as of now composed. This is an exceptionally dependable article as it is taken from the diary which is a diary of college of Sydney. The article covers all the data which is required to finish this appraisal. It clarifies the idea of corporate social exposures in detail and how it is inspired by the hypotheses like partner hypothesis and authenticity hypothesis. Precision of the article is incredible as it is effectively open and reaching data of the writer is additionally given. The creator is an exceptionally famous creator in Australia and furthermore is a workforce of financial matters and business in the University of Sydney (Colorado school network 2012). The marvel which is talked about in this work later is of inspiration for corporate social exposures. Corporate social exposures are principally deliberate in nature as it educates the partners of an association regarding the inside data of the association. Partners are the significant piece of the association and they ought to have the data about the association. In any case, today corporate social divulgences are not deliberate each time as there are organizations which get their partner far from the data which can influence them. Partners like NGO’s, administrative offices, finance administrators who are straightforwardly or by implication related with the association are requesting the social data from the organizations and consequently expanding the social obligations of the organizations (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). This is the manner by which the idea of requested corporate social exposure appears. Because of this disarray around divulgence standards we have a major territory of exploration. As per Freeman the meaning of Stakeholder is â€Å"any gathering or person who can influence or is influenced by the accomplishment of the association. Investors additionally go under partners bunch as they are the significant piece of the association. Investors are likewise influenced by the firm’s achievement or disappointment simply like clients, providers, representatives and neighborhood network. When all is said in done the possibility of the partner hypothesis is about the conceptualization of th e association I. e. how an association ought to be. Friedman has said that â€Å"the association itself ought to be thought of as gathering of partners and the motivation behind the association ought to be to deal with their inclinations, needs and perspectives. A manager’s obligation is to deal with the enterprise to serve its partner so they can safeguard their privileges and interest in dynamic. The board of an association is much the same as a specialist for the partners which guarantees the endurance of the firm (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). The meaning of partner and its relationship with the executives; motivation behind the association and its conduct towards the partners; job of the supervisors towards the partners; these things have changed over the time and are exceptionally befuddling. For instance the dad of partner hypothesis Freeman himself changed the meaning of partner. In one of his most recent distribution he characterizes partner as â€Å"those bunches who are indispensable to the achievement and endurance of the enterprise. † In his other most recent distribution he expresses that â€Å"The standard of partner response. Partner may bring an activity against the executives for inability to play out the necessary obligation of care. † In everything we can say that the idea of partner hypothesis should be concentrated altogether with the goal that we can get an away from of the hypothesis (Reed 1999). There are two ways to deal with the partner hypothesis initial one is called as standardizing approach and the subsequent one is known as enlightening methodology. The standards and thoughts which are clarified above go under regularizing approach of Stakeholder Theory. Regularizing approach of partner hypothesis clarifies the conduct of administrators and partners towards association I. e. how the directors and partners should act and what ought to be their view on the motivation behind the association. It is completely founded on some moral standards. The illustrative methodology of the partner hypothesis manages the genuine conduct of the administrators and partners towards the association. This hypothesis is worried about administrators and partners I. e. how they really see their activities and jobs. There is another way to deal with the Stakeholder hypothesis which is known as Instrumental partner hypothesis which is worried about how the administrators and partners ought to carry on the off chance that they need to take a shot at their own advantage. In some writing own advantage is considered as the goal of the association I. e. boost of investors riches and benefit augmentation of the association. So in everything we can say that by and large there are three ways to deal with the administrative partner hypothesis first regularizing approach second clear methodology and the third is Instrumental methodology. As the idea of the Stakeholder hypothesis has famous among associations resultantly various meanings of the partner has been created. The inquiry emerges what is a Stakeholder? Stanford Research Institute (SRI) characterizes the partner as â€Å"those bunches without whose help association would stop to exist. † This definition is given in the book of Freeman. After this Freeman gave another meaning of the Stakeholder that â€Å"any gathering or person who can influence or is influenced by the accomplishment of the organization’s goals. † After this Freeman kept on utilizing these definitions in an altered structure â€Å"those bunches who are imperative to the endurance and the accomplishment of the associations. In this way, we can say that there is no a specific meaning of partner which is acknowledged by the whole business network however truly, they use it as indicated by their requirements. Presently when the meaning of partner is clear the other inquiry comes before us and that is who the partners are? We can order the partners in gathering of individuals who are related with the association. The primary gatherings of partners a re: Customers, Employees, Local Communities, Suppliers and Distributers and Shareholders. This arrangement of partners is finished by Friedman. He has additionally thought to be some different gatherings as partners what's more, these gatherings are: The media, people in general all in all, colleagues, people in the future, past ages (authors of the association), scholastics, contenders, NGO’s or activists, partner delegates, for example, worker's guilds or exchange relationship of providers or wholesalers, lenders other than investors (obligation holders, investors and loan bosses), government, controllers and policymakers. After the arrangement of the partner there are some other sub orders, for example, media will be classified as Print media, Television, radio. Likewise, different characterizations are having their sub classifications and definitions (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). On the off chance that we talk about the historical backdrop of the partner hypothesis, it appeared in the mid of 1980. The individual who gave this hypothesis to the world is Richard Edward Freeman. The credit of the promotion of partner idea goes to Freeman. The title of his work is Strategic Management and just the caption is A Stakeholder Approach and turned out in 1984. The idea of partner of Freeman was done on the point of view of organization. He based on the procedure work of Ion Mitroff, Richard Mason, and James Emshoff. The word partner originated from research work in Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1960. After this the idea of partner was intensely affected by the arranging division of the Lockheed Company and these thoughts were created from the exploring done by Igor Ansoff and Robert Steward. Dodd said that GEC was at that point recognizing four gatherings with

The Use of Storytelling in Videogames Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Use of Storytelling in Videogames - Essay Example This is preposterous in the conventional narrating techniques and even theatricals. Computer games permit the player to settle on a decision on the course that the story will take. The opportunity to settle on a decision causes the player to feel a piece of the happenings in the story. The player can settle on choices that sway on the story. Computer games empower players to pretend and this makes the player to embrace a lot of characters for the decision made. Narrating using computer games offers more scope to the player in light of the fact that a solitary game can have different endings. The player has a functioning job not similarly as a minor watcher. The games that are player driven games recount to a story in an emotional manner such the player feels the effect of the choices taken progressively as the game proceeds. The result of the computer game may rely upon the presentation of the player and the choices taken in the situations that current themselves in the game. In this way, the computer games recount to a story in a dynamic and intuitive manner rather than the customary media that recount stories in a static manner. The combination between the story and game play is significant if a computer game is to affect its intended interest group. The UI of the game must be convincing and the game ought not have any specialized bugs that influence it during play. The storyline must be very much idea out with the end goal that regardless of whether there can be different results of the game, soundness and stream is as yet kept up. Videogames take into consideration the designer to incorporate a back story. This essentially assists with developing the principle story and put all the characters in setting. For example, if a given character in a war game is loaded with retribution, the foundation story can be given to expound on the purposes behind this. Back story likewise assists with adding uncommon scenes to the story that feature characteristics of charac ter that may not be appeared in the game. Distinctive game modes permit the player to pick the particular settings that suit their inclination when playing the game. The aftereffect of this is the games recounts to a story that is modified to a given player thus it turns out to be more charming and intriguing than in the conventional media. Computer games connect with the player to effectively partake in exercises that unfurl in the story. The sentiment of inclusion makes the story all the more engaging to the player; an accomplishment that can't be achieved using customary media. The utilization of computer games in narrating has increased boundless appropriation particularly among school going kids and young people. This is on the grounds that the characters in the computer games are anything but difficult to relate to. What's more, the test associated with creating their story as they play the computer game is a critical inspiration. In as much as both computer games and movies s hare similar attributes as far as story line and visual style, computer games have an additional favorable position by empowering intuitiveness. Videogames may likewise recount to a story through cut scenes. This is whereby the game stops and plays a spared clasp to clarify the following plot before play propels. The player needs to set aside the controls and watch the clasp before progressing to the following level. Be that as it may, with propels in innovation, most rounds of late occasions have grasped the idea of engaging the player to compose the story. This further concretes the position that the future bearing in computer games is progressively disposed towards player driven games. The genuine control of the games may not really be genuine however what

Consciousness Is the Psychology of Awareness

Consciousness Is the Psychology of Awareness Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Consciousness Is the Psychology of Awareness By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020 swissmediavision / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology While people often talk about consciousness, it can be somewhat difficult to define. Consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environment. Your consciousness is your awareness of yourself and the world around you. This awareness is subjective and unique to you. Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing. For example, in one moment you may be focused on reading this article. Your consciousness may then shift to the memory of a conversation you had earlier with a co-worker. Next, you might notice how uncomfortable your chair is, or maybe you are mentally planning dinner. This ever-shifting stream of thoughts can change dramatically from one moment to the next, but your experience of it seems smooth and effortless. Some different states of consciousness include sleep, dreams, hypnosis, hallucinations, meditation, and the effects of psychoactive drugs. Early Research on Consciousness For thousands of years, the study of human consciousness was largely the work of philosophers. The French philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the concept of mind-body dualism or the idea that while the mind and body are separate, they do interact. Once psychology was established as a discipline separate from philosophy and biology, the study of the conscious experience became one of the first topics studied by early psychologists. Structuralists used a process known as introspection to analyze and report conscious sensations, thoughts, and experiences. Trained observers would carefully inspect the contents of their own minds. Obviously, this was a very subjective process, but it helped inspire further research on the scientific study of consciousness. The American psychologist William James compared consciousness to a stream; unbroken and continuous despite constant shifts and changes. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud focused on understanding the importance of the unconscious and conscious mind. While the focus of much of the research in psychology shifted to purely observable behaviors during the first half of the twentieth century, research on human consciousness has grown tremendously since the 1950s. What Is the Unconscious Mind? How Do Psychologists Define Consciousness? One of the problems with the study of consciousness is the lack of a universally accepted operational definition. Descartes proposed the idea of cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am), suggested that the very act of thinking demonstrates the reality of one’s existence and consciousness. Today, consciousness is often viewed as an individual’s awareness of their own internal states as well as the events going on around them. If you can describe something you are experiencing in words, then it is part of your consciousness. In psychology, consciousness is occasionally confused with the conscience. It is important to note that while consciousness involves awareness of yourself and the world, your conscience is related to your morality and sense of right or wrong. Modern Theories of Consciousness Research on consciousness has focused on understanding the neuroscience behind our conscious experiences. Scientists have even utilized brain-scanning technology to seek out specific neurons that might be linked to different conscious events. Modern researchers have proposed two major theories of consciousness: Integrated Information Theory This approach looks at consciousness by learning more about the physical processes that underlie our conscious experiences. The theory attempts to create a measure of the integrated information that forms consciousness. The quality of an organism’s consciousness is represented by the level of integration. This theory tends to focus on whether something is conscious and to what degree it is conscious. Global Workspace Theory This theory suggests that we have a memory bank from which the brain draws information to form the experience of conscious awareness. While integrated information theory focuses more on identifying whether an organism is conscious, the global workspace theory offers a much broader approach to understanding how consciousness works. A Word From Verywell While consciousness has intrigued philosophers and scientists for thousands of years, we clearly have a long way to go in our understanding the concept. Researchers continue to explore the different bases of consciousness including the physical, social, cultural and psychological influences that contribute to our conscious awareness. What Role Does the Conscious Mind Play

Plot Of The Kite Runner Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1374 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Kite Runner Essay Did you like this example? Amir remembers an event that had happened twenty-six years ago when he was a little boy in Afghanistan. Before this event took place, Amir lived in a beautiful house in Kabul with his Baba (which means father), their servant Ali and his son Hassan. Rahim Khan, Babars close friend, was often at their house too. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Plot Of The Kite Runner Novel" essay for you Create order Amirrs mother died after giving birth to him and a year later Hassanrs mother left home after giving birth to him. Ali and Hassan were both Hazaras which is another ethnicity in Afghanistan. One day Afghanistanrs king was overthrown and from that day on everything changed. Amir and Hassan were best friends, the only difference was that Amirrs father was rich and people respected him, but Hassan was their servant and a Hazara. Amir and Hassan were outside playing around when they bumped into Assef, Wali, and Kamal. Assef makes fun of Amir for hanging out with a Hazara and tries to beat him up and thatrs when Hassan hits Assef in the face using his slingshot. That same winter, Amir and Hassan participated in the kite running tournament. This is a competition where boys cover their strings in glass and battle to see who can sever the string of the opposing kite. When a kite loses, the boys chase and retrieve it. This was the year that Amir had finally won. Hassan had taken off to look for the losing kite. Amir, filled with joy, ran to find Hassan and when he did Amir completely changed. When he found Hassan, Assef was raping him. Amir had no clue what to do and he was too afraid to save Hassan, so he ran home. When Hassan comes home with the kite Amir pretended like he didnt see anything. After that, things between Hassan and Amir were never the same. Amir felt very guilty and decided that one of them had to leave. Amir took some money and a watch, puts it under Hassanrs pillow, and tells Baba th at he stole it. Since Hassan is a servant and knew that no matter what he will lose, he admitted that he did steal the money and watch. Baba forgives Hassan, but Ali said he couldnt live in house anymore and they moved away. Baba was really upset and begged them not to move away. Baba cried for the first time and this really concerned Amir. The story moves on to March 1981. Kabul was invaded by the Soviets and became a war zone. This is when Amir and Baba packed their bags, left the house without telling anyone, but Rahim Khan, and escaped from Afghanistan. Their journey to Pakistan was horrible. They were stuck in the back of trucks, lack of food and water, bad smell, and had lots of trouble getting through military checkpoints. After two years of living and Pakistan, Baba and Amir move to Fremont, California. Amir finished high school and goes to college and Baba got a job at the gas station. On Sundays Amir and Baba would go to the Flea Market to sell things and make some money. One day Baba found an old friend, General Taheri, at the market. General Taheri had a daughter named Soraya and Amir had fallen in love with her. He never had the guts to go talk to her because in the Afghan culture it looks b ad. Finally, one day Amir gathered the courage and went to talk to Soraya. As they were talking General Taheri caught them and told Amir that there is a more formal way to do things. A while later they find out that Baba is diagnosed with lung cancer and he doesnt have much time left. Amir asks Baba if he could get General Taherirs consent to marry Soraya and Taheri accepts the proposal. Due to Babars health, they had the wedding sooner than usual. A month later Baba dies. While Amir works on his writing, they try to have a baby but find out that they cant. Pretty soon Amir receives a call from Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan states that he is very sick and needs to meet Amir as soon as possible in Pakistan. Amir leaves for Pakistan in a week. Rahim Khan talks about how after they drove the Soviets out of Kabul everything got worse because now the Taliban rule by violence. Rahim said that after they had left Afghanistan, he was getting very lonely and wasnt able to take care of the house, so he went to find Hassan. He persuaded Hassan and his wife Farzana to come back to Kabul and live with him. Soon Hassanrs mother, Sanaubar, had come back and asked him to forgive her a nd eventually he did. Sanaubar delivered Hassanrs son Sohrab. Sanaubar never left Sohrab alone. She always made clothes for him and played with him but when he was four years old, Sanaubar died. Rahim Khan also got very sick and left for Pakistan to get medical treatment leaving Hassan and his family alone. One day Rahim Khan received a call from a neighbor in Kabul saying that the Taliban found out there was a Hazara family living in a nice big house. Hassan tried to tell them that he is just a servant and the owner is coming soon but they killed him and Farzana and sent Sohrab to an orphanage. Rahim Khan told Amir that there is a couple in Pakistan who can take care of Sohrob and he wants Amir to go to Kabul and find him. He also told Amir that Hassan is actually Babars son, Amirrs half brother. Amir was very shocked and didnt know what to do. He was also very mad because his whole life was a lie. Finally, he agreed to go find Sohrob. When Amir goes to Afghanistan he is very sad and surprised. He said that he feels like a tourist in his own country. He finds the orphanage where Sohrab was but when he got there the director told him that the Taliban took Sohrab a month earlier. They told him that he will find the Taliban at the soccer game which was being held the next day. When Amir went to the game, he set up a meeting with the official through one of the guards. The day of their meeting Amir tells the official that he is looking for Sohrab. When they brought Sohrab in the official said Whatever happened to old Babalu, anyway? (Babalu is what everyone used to call Ali because he suffered from partial paralysis of his face and walked with a limp caused by polio.) Amir was shocked. The taliban official was Assef. Assef beats Amir with his brass knuckles. He broke Amirrs ribs and split his lips. Sohrab comes in front of Assef with his slingshot, just like Hassan. When Assef tried to hit Hassan, he shot him in the eye and escaped with Amir. While Amir was recovering in a hospital in Pakistan he finds out that Rahim Khan died. He also found out that Rahim Khan lied and there was never really a couple wanted to take care of Sohrab. Amir thought for a while and asked Sohrab to move with him to America. After a few days, Sohrab agrees. When Amir recovered he went to Islamabad. Amir tried all he can but the adoption officials said that because they cannot prove that Sohrabrs parents are actually dead it will be impossible to get him out of the country. Amir tells Sohrab that he might have to go back to the orphanage. When Amir tells Soraya she told him that she found a way to bring Sohrab to America. When Amir went to tell him, he found that Sohrab tried to kill himself. Luckily Sohrab was unsuccessful in trying to commit suicide but after that day he never spoke, even when they brought him to California. For Sawl-e-Nau, the Afghan New Yearrs Day, all the Afghans had a gathering at the park. They had a kite running tournament and Amir bought one and convinced Sohrab to fly it with him. Using Hassanrs tricks they won. That was the day that Sohrab finally smiled and Amir runs to get the losing kite for Sohrab.

Death Of A Gangster As I Will Not Cry Essay - 1625 Words

Fire in my eyes, I will not cry. Living the life of a gangster as I watch time fly by, only wanting the best, I will find a way to make it further than the rest. Poverty, Equality, Respect is all I want to see. I will be the greatest even if the white people don’t want me to be. Seeing the struggle only one mother, taking care of a child, no food, no water, watch I change the dial. Doing what I know and what I can, I will make a stand. Not just for me, but you too, I see the youngsters as my nephew. Or niece, I will be here to keep peace, forty millimeter strapped to me. It shot fast did you see? Just here to tell my story about the world while still trying to catch a couple of girls. The rich sit back and take shots, trying to throw my community under rug. In the hood weed is our drug. I am Tupac Shakur, and I changed the rap game by being a poetic gangster. In my first couple of lines of my song â€Å"Changes†, I rapped I m tired of bein poor and even worse I m black , my stomach hurts, so I m lookin for a purse to snatch, in these lines I exemplify how many black people in America live in poverty and are not given as many opportunities as the white man. For us to do right we have no choice but to become convicts just to get by. We had to turn to jacking old women for a couple of dollars just to get a cheeseburger and fries to eat. I continued this when I proclaimed Give the crack to the kids who the hell cares? One less hungry mouth on the welfare. I then wentShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Road to Perdition1580 Words   |  7 Pagesfoot soldier he has had killed, Rooney ominously acts the charming father to the Sullivan boys, Michael and Peter, one his son will soon murder, and the other he will personally order a contact on. He playfully tosses dice with the boys in a kind of gangster pastoral, in reality gambling with their very lives. With a disarming charm, reminiscent of the Prince of Darkness, he establishes an early connection with the youngsters, so that later when they are older they’ll feel taken care of by the familyRead More`` The Gangster We Are All Looking For, Water Serves As A Metaphor For Mobility1729 Words   |  7 Pageshis philosophy, Daoism, â€Å"If you want to be successful, be as pliable and yielding as water; so as to stay close to reality. If you want to be powerful, be as focused as water, it can penetrate a rock. This is Dao.† In Là ª Thi Diem Thà ºy’s novel The Gangster We Are All Looking For, water serves as a metaphor for mobility. Unlike Dao, the people in the novel do not recognize water with success, and in contrast, escape reality rather than staying close to it. The complexities of a country and its peopleRead MoreHistory of the American Mafia Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the American Mafia Imagine living in a world where crime ruled. A world where gangsters were more powerful than politicians, owned the police, and ran the city in whatever way they felt. They robbed whom they wanted and killed when they didnt get their way. Now stop imagining and realize that this happened here in the United States of America in the 1920s. It was run by an organization made up mainly of Italians called the Mafia. The word Mafia itself has many meaningsRead MoreEnrique s Journey By Sonia Nazario1387 Words   |  6 PagesHonduran boy called Enrique passed many dangerous situations in his travel to the United States in order to finally meet with his mother. Enrique began his travel to the United States eleven years after his mother left him in Honduras. Enrique faced gangsters, bandits and corrupt police officers when he was in the train called â€Å"El Tren de la Muerte†. The only thing that he was carrying was his mother’s phone number. But Enrique never gave up. 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The poem starts off catching the reader’s attention, because as a reader that is something no human wants to ever imagine happening to anybody or their selves. Smith states in lines 2-4, â€Å"I can think of no softer warning for the mothers who sit doubled before the desk, knotting their smooth brown hands, and begging, fix my box, fix my boy†(Smith 292).(what is the warning he is referring to?). Reiterating that there is nothing that couldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Godfather 1463 Words   |  6 Pagesor not, but it certainly is one of the basic stories told throughout time, rebirth. Each tale deals with a man discovering and being incorporated into the darkness surrounding him. He’s reborn into that darkness. Either with a renewal of light or death. Each movie works within its genre and also twists it to tell his own, more dramatic tale. One interpretation of auteur theory applies to his continuous changing of stereotypical genres. â€Å"Au teur theory is when a director creates a film that breaksRead MoreThe Reflection Of F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby 1546 Words   |  7 Pagesbook, â€Å"‘Oh, I’ve been in several things,’ he corrected himself. ‘I was in the drug business and then I was in the oil business. But I’m not in either one now.’† (Fitzgeralds 94); this shows how people become so obsessed with achieving their dream they will do anything to get it. â€Å"As for Gatsby’s partner Meyer Wolfsheim, a character described as the man behind fixing the 1919 World Series, he was clearly influenced by a real gangster named Arnold Rothstein† (Avery). Gatsby’s dream in the book is symbolized

Functionalism Free Essays

Functionalism is the doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a certain type depends on the way it functions, or the role it plays and not on its internal structure. Simply put, functionalism gives utmost importance to the function or role a mental state plays. They also give prime importance to causal relations because according to the follower of this doctrine any form of mental state is â€Å"†¦determined by its causal relations to sensory stimulations, other mental states and behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Functionalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries). Let me take â€Å"pain† as an example. For the functionalist, pain is a mental state which arose because of a damage of some kind or because something is wrong with the body. For them, the only beings that could possibly experience pain are those who qualified to meet the condition stated above. However, the functionalists did not claim that there are only limited states of affair on which pain can be experienced. For them, various creatures may experience pain through different kinds of physical or mental states and thus the term multiple realizations came into context. Having defined what functionalism is, let me now move on to another important aspect of this paper-dualism. Dualism came from the Latin word dualis which means two. It is the belief that in everything in this world two important concept, which usually oppose each other exist. Just as there is a night then there must be a day. When there is good, there is evil. Such is the basis on which dualism is grounded.   In the philosophy of mind dualism aims to show the great difference there is between mind and matter. There are many differing points of view between the dualists themselves but they stood on the common ground that mind and matter are indeed distinct objects. According to the dualistic point of view where mind is made up of non-physical substance, our body is made-up of physical ones commonly known as matter. The mind and body dualism can be deduced as substance dualism which argues that mind and body are made-up of entirely distinct substances, and by property dualism which asserts that the mind and body may not be made-up of distinct substances but still, they are distinct and thus we cannot reduce one from the other. Now, how does functionalism differ from dualism? Functionalism is different from dualism because functionalism does not adhere to the idea of interactionism unlike that of dualism. Most believer of substance dualism argues for the sake of interactionism or the belief that mind and body, though distinct from each other, are still capable of causally affecting each other. Believers of the identity theory believe that there are at least some kinds of mental states which are completely identical to those of brain states. One known proponent of this theory is David Armstrong who proposed that â€Å"all mental states are identical with physical states†. This theory argues that the mind is indistinguishable from the brain. Due to their approach and beliefs regarding the mind they received numerous objections among which include the argument from multiple realizability. Believers of multiple realizability argues that mental events differ considerably from one organism to another and thus the idea that certain mental events are the same most of the timeis kind of preposterous. Thus functionalism and identity theory is very different from each other. Functionalism is considered to be more superior to other theories of mind such as dualism and the identity theory. Now, what brought about this superiority? Functionalism argues that everything is physical. The functionalists, unlike the other theories of the mind can do away without knowing how the brain came about its consciousness. The functionalists are satisfied to simply say that the function of our brain is to be conscious or consciousness. They do not put great effort in discovering what causes the consciousness of our brain which made them superior from the other mind theory. Another advantage functionalism may have over the other theories is its ability to equate conscious states with the functions of our brain, thus functionalism allows examination of our conscious states which plagues other theories. I said that it plagues other theories because they give too much privacy to matters of mind, believing that mind is a private matter and thus cannot be compared to other minds (such as the problem in Cartesian dualism). Functionalism, on the other hand faces no such problems because they give way to analyzing other minds or other experiences. The ability to test things empirically offered by functionalism shows its edge against dualism and the identity theory of the mind. Another advantage functionalism has over dualism and the identity theory of the mind is that the theory of functionalism offers understanding of the mind. However, no matter how great functionalism may be as compared to other mind theories it still has its drawbacks. It does not entirely solve the problems of the mind. Functionalism does not give us a clear explanation of the obvious distinction of the physical and conscious states. Besides, another objection arose from their claim that we can really differentiate one mind from the other. Surely, no one can fully understand how other minds work. Besides different people experiences things differently no matter how alike their experience may seem. For example, I may feel deep depression upon losing a pet but then I cannot really say that the depression Anne felt when she lost her dog is the same as mine, now could I? Thus, no matter how more advantageous functionalism may be over dualism and the identity theory it is still not wise to go on believing functionalism as a whole. One must still see the pros and cons of certain thoughts or theories. REFERENCES: â€Å"Assess functionalism† â€Å"Dualism and Mind† â€Å"Identity Theory† http://www.utm.edu â€Å"Functionalism† http://plato.stanford.edu/entries    How to cite Functionalism, Essay examples

Belonging Essay - the Crucible free essay sample

Some people will go to extraordinary lengths to achieve a sense of belonging; whether it to be a group, culture or city, some people will try anything. Techniques such as stage directions, hamartia, and dialogue are used in the set text Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† to display belonging and not belonging. Other techniques such as symbolism and camera shot are used to exhibit belonging and not belonging in the supplementary text Your Favorite Martian’s â€Å"Zombie Love Song† film clip. In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, stage direction is used to demonstrate belonging and not belonging. This technique is used throughout the text to show both belonging and not belonging, stage direction shows the audience, what the characters are doing, such as their movements and emotions about what has happened. Without stage direction the characters would appear motionless and with a blank face. Examples of this technique can be seen throughout the text, but only some demonstrate belonging or not belonging. An example of when it is demonstrating not belonging is in the first scene of Act one when Tituba is about to talk, in parentheses it says that she is already moving backward, like she already knows she isn’t wanted. Another example of how stage direction is used is when Abigail and John are alone together, in Betty’s room. In the beginning the stage direction leads us to believe that they belong together, then it quickly turns around and it is evident that they do not through the use of stage direction. These examples are how stage direction is used to demonstrate belonging and not belonging in Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†. Hamartia is used in Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† to reveal not belonging. This technique is used throughout act one and two to show that John Proctor doesn’t belong with Abigail, hamartia shows the audience the fatal flaw within John’s personality that consequences in him not belonging. An example of how hamartia is used to reveal not belonging is also when John and Abigail are alone together. John’s flaw is that he has lusted after Abigail, and because of this he now feels like he doesn’t belong with either his wife or Abigail. This is apparent as he shy’s away from Abigail when she tries to get closer. Another example is when he is at home with his wife and straight away we can tell that they do not feel at ease with each other because of his lust for Abigail. These examples are how Hamartia is used to reveal not belonging in Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†. In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, dialogue is used to expose belonging and not belonging. This technique is obvious through the entire text as this is what and how people talk to each other. Dialogue shows the audience how the characters feel about each other through their words and particularly how they say them. An example of how dialogue exposes not belonging is also when Tituba is first speaking, Parris yells at her â€Å"Out of here! † and she says something back then he yells again â€Å"Out of my Sight! Out of my – â€Å". The next example of how Dialogue exposes belonging is also when john and Abigail is alone. The dialogue of the two characters highlight their belonging together, when only looking at what their saying. They stop belonging together when he says â€Å"child† then an argument starts which displays a sense of not belonging. These examples are how Dialogue is used to expose not belonging in Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†. Symbolism is used in Your Favorite Martian’s â€Å"Zombie Love Song† film clip to display belonging. This technique is predominant in the middle of the text when the two characters are chatting online. Symbolism shows the audience, when referring to this text, how the characters interact with each other before they actually meet in person. Examples of this technique can be found when the characters are chatting online, the use of hearts to symbolise love is evident. Another symbol is when they use themselves as emoticons and dance with each other, this symbolises that they can be together when one character is not even breathing. Also there is another example of symbolism is when, while chatting online, the zombie is chasing two people and then stopped when seeing the girl, and then gives her a flower which turns her into a zombie which symbolises that they should be together. These examples are how symbolism represents belonging in the supplementary text â€Å"Zombie Love Song† In Your Favorite Martian’s â€Å"Zombie Love Song† film clip camera shots are used to present not belonging. This technique is used throughout the text but does not present not belonging until later in the text. Camera shot shows the audience what is happening, without proper camera shot the audience could miss out what is happening, but since this is a cartoon it has perfect camera shot. Not belonging that is presented by camera shot is given by examples when the female character is running away. When she opens the door to find a zombie, the camera is zooming in to give a close up of the zombie’s face when it smiles, the camera goes back to the girl’s face when she screams and runs away. While she is running away the camera zooms out from a mid-shot to a long shot to emphasise how far and fast she is running away. She runs to the back door and the zombie is there, the process is repeated twice to emphasise how much the zombie doesn’t belong. These examples are how camera shot represents not belonging in the supplementary text â€Å"Zombie Love Song†. In conclusion belonging and not belonging is represented in various ways in many different texts. Varied techniques are used to represent the belonging and not belonging. In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† Stage direction and dialogue are the main technique used while hamartia is hardly used, only with one character and mainly only in the first two acts. In Your Favorite Martian’s â€Å"Zombie Love Song† symbolism is more predominant than camera shot in representing belonging or not belonging.